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For transfers from Low Earth Orbit (LEO) toward Mars using LOX/LH2 propulsion, roughly 55% (or 65%) of the mass in LEO is required for the propellant and the propulsion stage, and 45% (or 35%) of the mass in LEO consists of payload that is sent on its way to Mars.For Mars, the actual propulsion requirements depend on several factors e. The baseline propulsion system used for trans-Mars injection is a LOX/LH2 propulsion stage atop the Launch Vehicle. Even though LOX/LH is the most efficient form of chemical propulsion, the requirement that three mass units in LEO are required to send one mass unit on its way toward Mars is a major factor in driving up the Initial Mass of LEO (IMLEO) for Mars missions.These options could be used for carrying assets to Mars Surface as the time required to travel is much longer.Another option is to use Solar electric propulsion for orbit raising.(Mylswamy Annadurai is Director, UR Rao Satellite Centre — formerly Isro Satellite Centre, Bengaluru). The use of NTP in place of LOX/LH2 for Earth departure can reduce Initial mass in low earth orbit (IMLEO) by 40%. Aerobraking is a spaceflight manoeuvre that reduces the high point of an elliptical orbit (apoapsis) by flying the vehicle through the atmosphere at the low point of the orbit (periapsis).Aerocapture is a related but more extreme method in which no initial orbit-injection burn is performed. Cargo flights will need to comprise a lander carrying a Mars ascent vehicle (MAV) and additional supplies consisting of living units, life-support units and supply units. There is a saying: “Everything is difficult until you Do”. Shorter transit times reduce the time spent by the crew in zero gravity. Several small correction burns are then used to raise the periapsis and perform final adjustments. Also, relatively fast transits will reduce the exposure to galactic غير مجاز مي باشدmic radiation and the probability of encountering solar particle events. More so due to the many similarities that the Earth shares with the Red Planet and its proximity.Long-term human spaceflight presents a difficult set of challenges; unlike robots, humans must be fed, hydrated, protected, entertained, and most importantly, they need to be brought back home safely.

An areostationary orbit or areosynchronous equatorial orbit is a circular areo­synchronous orbit in the Martian equatorial plane about 17,032 km above the surface, any point on which revolves about Mars in the same direction and with the same period as the Martian surface.Typically, a manned crew mission would be preceded by a number of pilot missions (at least 3 to 6).The LOX/LH2is the most efficient form of chemical propulsion that is available. Last, but not least, is the science fiction writer’s romanticism of creating habitat on another planet.Mars tugs at human curiosity more than any planet. Instead, the spacecraft plunges deeply into the atmosphere without an initial insertion burn and emerges from this single pass in the atmosphere with an apoapsis near that of the desired orbit..Cargo missions could use aerobraking or aerocapture techniques to minimise the propellant requirement for MOI. Reducing the exposure to zero gravity and radiation events helps reduce the risk to the crew. One can either use a lower-energy trajectory with a trip time of typically 300±400 days that requires less propellant (appropriate for cargo transfer), or a higher energy trajectory that uses more propellant with a trip time of typically 170 to 200 days (appropriate for crew transfer). The resulting drag slows the spacecraft.Further, to improve communication with crew after Mars landing, is an option to possibly launch a communication satellite, which will enable continuous communication with the future landed asset.g. As Carl غير مجاز مي باشدan said, “Staying alive. If correctly oriented, this can increase the deflection angle above that of a pure gravity assist, resulting in a larger delta-v. More cargo launches may be required to instal backup systems for the crew. Also, aero-assisted Mars orbit insertion and entry, descent, and landing maybe required for the cargo missions.. The use of nuclear thermal rocket (NTR) partly mitigates this heavy requirement. Solar electric propulsion could be used to raise the orbit of the spacecraft from LEO to a high Earth orbit, and thereby greatly reduce the propulsion requirements for Earth departure. Aerobraking is used when a spacecraft requires a low orbit Granulation screw barrel manufacturers after arriving at a body with an atmosphere, and it requires less fuel than does the direct use of a rocket engine. Similarly, “Without knowing what to do, we can’t do anything”. Another related technique is that of aerogravity assist, in which the spacecraft flies through the upper atmosphere and utilises aerodynamic lift instead of drag at the point of closest approach., the specific launch opportunity and the desired duration of the trip to Mars. The technology for use of LOX/LH2 propulsion for Earth departure is fairly mature. Pilot missions mainly consist of cargo missions and an Earth return vehicle mission. When nuclear thermal propulsion (NTP) is utilised for Earth departure, two important factors are the minimum altitude allowed for start-up and the propulsion system dry mass fraction. Areo­stationary orbit is a concept similar to Earth’s geo­stationary orbit. Also, an unmanned rover mission may also be proposed to be launched to Mars in order to scout a landing site. This sequence gradually builds up assets on the Martian surface, so that at the end of the cargo flights the basic infrastructure could be in place.

If our long-term survival is at stake, we have a basic responsibility to our species to venture to other worlds, guarantee not just the survival of mankind, but mankind surviving forever!”Mars being the most accessible planet beyond the Earth-Moon system where sustained human presence is believed to be possible, the challenges of Mars exploration are required to be well-understood to sustain a permanent human presence beyond Earth. The energy that would have been used for departure from LEO using chemical propulsion is mostly replaced by solar energy that drives the electric propulsion system used to raise spacecraft to a high orbit. One of the many questions often asked is: If we explore the evolution of Mars, will it actually tell us something about the Earth itself? The other important motive to explore Mars is the eternal search for evidence of past or present life. Further, from an elongated elliptical Earth orbit, the chemical propulsion is used and trans Mars injection in this case requires far less propellant. Here it is attempted to enumerate the key and important challenges of a manned mission to Mars which are: mission design, propulsion system requirements, human health, In Situ Resource Utilisation (ISRU), crew autonomy, power system, system reliability and landing and ascent.The crew will have to travel to and from Mars on relatively fast transits (4 to 6 months) and will spend long periods of time (18 to 20 months; 600 days nominal) on the surface, rather than alternative approaches which require longer time

The screen itself is a 1920x1080 panel that supports 10 point multi-touch input. However, we did see scratches on the keyboard due to continuous use of the the tablet mode, when the laptop lies on the keys. Key-travel is minimal and there are three levels of backlighting for operating it in the dark.Other aspects like the IR Face unlocking worked great. You can either enable the machine to switch to tablet mode every time you flip the screen or make it ask you each time or if you’re not a fan of tablet mode, not use it at all. In our uغير مجاز مي باشدe, one charge did get us through a day’s worth of moderate use with ease. This is especially useful for programs like Virtual DJ, where you need to operate more than control at a time, or with various games that support touch input. This allows for more screen real estate in lesser space, giving the UM462 a screen-to-body ratio of 90 per cent. There is Military grade MIL-STD-810G certification which means the laptop can hold its own in extremely high altitudes, temperatures and humid conditions.VerdictStarting at Rs 64,990, the Asus Zenbook Flip is a great laptop in the segment. This concept brought us tech, all the way from phablets to mousepads that double up as wireless chargers and TWS earphones that turned into speakers. Whether you prefer it over the regular mode, is a matter of personal choice.The design was popularised by Microsoft’s own Surface series of tablets, but now we have a lot of options to choose from in the segment. The Flip mechanism of the laptop is divided into two parts, where the hinge opens and closes and the screen revolves around it.Design, BuildThe Asus Zenbook Flip reminds you of simpler design times. You will have to add your face three to four times in various conditions to get the best results. Swiping from the right edge brings you some quick settings like the Tablet Mode toggle, Brightness, Bluetooth, Airplane mode, etc. The laptop is a beast, powered by the AMD Ryzen 5 3500U processor Three-dimensional printer screw suppliers and 8GB DDR4 RAM. While some of these innovative designs were nothing more than mere gimmicks, some proved to be revolutionary. Sounds like it ticks all the boxes, doesn’t it? We reviewed the device for a week and here are our thoughts on the product. This is where the primary hinge locks into place and the screen itself starts revolving around the hinge. You could alternatively use the provided stylus for precision in programs like Photoshop, Illustrator, Corel Draw, etc. A classy metal chassis with a matte finish on top throughout the laptop, including on the keyboard, with chrome accents on the logo, hinges and power button give the laptop the appearance of a timeless classic.

Tablet ModeThe screen shines brightest when you flip it all the way back and beyond and convert the laptop into a 14-inch tablet.Which brings us to the Asus Zenbook Flip UM462, a 14-inch convertible laptop that features a solid build, a super-compact design, decent specifications and the ability to be turned into a touch-enabled tablet. When completely converted, the laptop will automatically enable auto-rotate and ask you if you want to switch to Windows 10 tablet mode. Note that the battery is non-removable. You can tap to emulate a click, drag with your finger to emulate a dragging action and long press to emulate a right-click. We have AMD Radeon Vega 8 for the machine’s graphical processing needs. You also have a notification panel above the toggles where you will stay updated from various apps. The machine isn’t targeted at a particular set of artists or the 9-to-5 desk worker, but you can rest assured that whoever holds this notebook is quickly comfortable with it and can get straight down to business. The build quality of the Zenbook flip is great overall too. Placing the power button on the side rather than with the keyboard up top enables it to be used even when the Zenbook is in tablet mode. Sound is tuned by Harman/Kardon like other top-end Asus machines and the SonicMaster stereo audio system results in crisp and rich sound output.. But the device instead bets its chips on raw performance and a convertible form factor that is both reliable and solidly built.As the decade comes to an end in less than 60 days, perhaps the most defining trend of 2010-2020 in the world of tech has been the combination of two different domains to create a device that can bring the best of both worlds.Windows 10’s tablet mode changes navigation throughout the interface for easy touch-based navigating. It doesn’t have the latest innovative design, or funky looks, but is very powerful to make up for that, and hits the perfect balance between all aspects of a good overall laptop in the price range, which we believe is one of the most important and often overlooked elements.0 bearing Vivobook series laptops that Asus has recently brought, some of which belong to the same segment.The Zenbook Flip's two-part ErgoLift 360 hinge adds more functionality in its design, makes the hinge stronger, and looks great too.Keyboard, TouchpadThe Asus Zenbook Flip features a great keyboard. It’s also seen a few drop tests so it’s safe to assume the machine can take the occasional accidental beating too. The storage is a 512GB SSD unit that works super fast. On the other end, we have a MicroSD card reader, a second USB slot, a 3. While you won’t get blasted by warm air, you will be able to notice the heat directed at you when your hands are rested close to the bottom edge of the screen.5mm headphone jack, two LED indicators and the laptop's Power button.Swiping in from the left edge brings you the recent apps view where you can switch between all apps and close unwanted ones.Asus’ evolved Function keys feature is also present on the Zenbook Flip. Powerful yet compact notebooks that could be flipped and turned into tablets. Here are the benchmark scores for the Zenbook Flip 14 UM462:Asus Zenbook Flip 14 PCMark 10 score.The elongated arrow keys might take some getting used to and while the keyboard overall is great for typing, the occasional gamer could find the arrow keys troublesome. And perhaps one of the most important ‘best of both worlds’ designs came with touch-enabled, convertible laptops.DisplayThe Asus Zenbook Flip UM462 features a 14-inch display that somehow magically fits into a chassis this small. The rugged two-part mechanism gives the laptop an edge in durability while maintaining the ErgoLift functionality of enhancing audio output and heat dissipation underneath the raised keyboard. If you are not a fan of these and use the actual Fn keys more often, you can always switch back to regular functionality by pressing Fn+Esc together.

One thing to note is that the laptop’s air vent which is usually pointed away from you will be pointed towards you often when using the laptop with the screen flipped. It makes sense for this keyboard to be able to take some regular wear and tear head-on since the keyboard becomes the base of the laptop when it is in tablet mode. The keyboard also automatically turns off completely when the screen is flipped over to prevent any accidental presses.The thin top bezel embeds the camera with IR Face Unlocking capabilities. The high ratio not only makes the display more immersive but also gives you more space to work with when in tablet mode.Battery Life Battery Life is excellent on the Zenbook Flip UM462. The hinge itself comes into motion when you open the laptop regularly, where you’ll notice the keyboard rising until you reach the limit.The 10-point touchscreen gives you the freedom of operating your programs using multiple fingers for complete control. There is no Desktop anymore and you only have the Start Menu to open new apps. This results in the machine flying through multiple apps/programs at once, providing decent performance during the occasional gaming sessions as well. The absence of any fancy geometric or reflective patterns states clearly that this machine means business!The Zenbook flip is also very compact, being one of the smallest 14-inch laptops out there thanks to the minimal Asus NanoEdge bezels. This allows you to use the secondary functions of the Fn-keys (F1-F12) as the primary functions, giving you easy access to the available Fn key shortcuts including toggles for brightness, volume, keyboard lighting, and more. The SSD speeds are noticeable in boot-up times, transfer speeds and loading times for apps and programs. Do note that unlike many models out there, the screen flips 360-degrees but is not detachable. The laptop is also not very heavy, weighing at 1.Asus Zenbook Flip 14 Cinebench score. A look from outside might make you think this chassis cannot hold a 14-inch screen, but it does. The laptop comes with a 42Wh lithium-ion battery, with the company claiming nine hours of uغير مجاز مي باشدe on one charge. We’ve seen the patented ErgoLift hinges on other Asus offerings too, but this one takes it up a notch.5Kgs. The learning curve here isn’t very steep and even new users should get used to Windows’ tablet mode pretty quickly.The left edge of the machine features a charging slot, an HDMI slot, A USB slot and a USB-C slot for some future-proofing. It is not the most cutting edge example of futuristic tech like the Zenbook Duo series and Screenpad 2. The volume isn’t the loudest we have seen but that isn’t a deal-breaker at all.Apart from the full touch screen, the laptop sports a classic body with nothing visibly fancy, but this works in favour of the approach the Zenbook Flip is heading towards. The keys here are well-built and they feel solid to the touch.One of the best design elements noticeable in the laptop was the 360-degree ErgoLift Hinge. The viewing angles are great on the Zenbook Flip and the laptop gets decently bright as well.PerformanceWe didn’t think the Zenbook Flip was a very performance heavy laptop, but we couldn’t be more wrong. While not the highest resolution out there, it looks crisp with both text and images